Better fuel cells and batteries need tools that can see what happens inside materials at the nanometre scale – where ions and electrons move, how the chemistry changes over time, and what goes on at interfaces.
This roadmap gives an overview of advanced characterisation techniques, with a focus on in situ and operando methods that observe materials and devices in real time under realistic working conditions. Experts describe the state of the art in 2025, current limitations and future challenges. Federico Baiutti, Francesco Chiabrera, Alex Morata and Juan Carlos González-Rosillo from our group contributed.
Read the paper: A. Aguadero, F. Baiutti, M. Burriel et al., “Roadmap on advanced and real-time characterisation of solid state materials and devices for energy applications”, Journal of Physics: Energy (2026, accepted manuscript). Open access. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ae6a6e
Figure: Fig. 1 from Aguadero et al., J. Phys. Energy (2026, accepted manuscript), CC BY 4.0.
